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The coal or coal is a sedimentary rock used as fossil fuel, black, rich in carbon. It is typically located under a layer of slate and a layer of sand and clay. It is believed that most of the coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period (about 280 to 345 million years). The coal is caused by the decomposition of terrestrial plants, leaves, wood, bark, and spores, which accumulate in wetlands, lagoon and marine, shallow. The dead plants accumulate in the bottom of a basin. Water are covered and therefore protected from the atmosphere that would destroy them. Begins a slow transformation by the action of anaerobic bacteria, a type of microorganisms that can not live in oxygen. Over time, a progressive enrichment in carbon. Later may be covered with clay deposits, which help maintain the anaerobic environment which is suitable to continue the process of carbonificación. Geologists estimate that a layer of coal three feet thick stems from the transformation through the process of diagenesis of more than ten meters from carbonaceous silts.

Coal deposits are often associated with mercury. There is another theory that explains that coal is formed with continuous emissions of methane gas in the depths of the earth. [Citation needed]

In coal coal beds are interspersed with other layers of sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, clays, conglomerates and, in some cases, metamorphic rocks like schists and slates. This is due to how and where coal is generated.

If, for example, a large forest is located near the coast and the sea invades the coast, the forest is gradually submerged by the mainland or decrease by a marine transgression, and fallen dead plant and accumulate in the coastal shelf. If you continue the descent on the continent or the invasion of the sea, the forest is completely flooded. The nearest landmass areas begin to erode and the resulting products, sand and clay, covering the remains of plants that are transformed into coal. If the sea is removed, can develop a new forest and begin the cycle again.

In the coalfields are preserved, both in coal and in the rocks intercalated, debris and marks terrestrial plants belonging to species currently missing. The plant size and exuberance of the vegetation to the conclusion that the climate in which coal originated was probably a tropical climate.